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In the last few decades, the urban population has continued growing at a much faster rate than the rural population to the point that, on entering the millennium, the urban population exceeded the rural population (see below). This increase in the urban population led to an increased demand in urban infrastructure, including public transportation. In parallel with building new transit lines, a demand for advanced train control systems became evident, driven by key factors such as automation, capacity, safety, interoperability, and a combination of these factors.
The designs of advanced train control systems and their application and functionalities vary widely depending on the region, railway type (freight, passenger, or urban transit), and operational goals (safety, efficiency, and capacity).
Full Article: IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Volume 20, Number 2, June 2025
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